8/21/2023 0 Comments Tiffany cross weightHer book “Say It Louder: Black Voters, Our Voices, and the Shaping of American Democracy” will be released in July 2020. She was also BET Networks’ Washington, D.C. The Cross Connection, a Saturday morning MSNBC program, is hosted by Tiffany Cross. She disclosed in November 2020 that she had surgery in September after being in excruciating agony for months and losing her hair. Her additional physical measurements are currently unavailable. Her hair is black, and she has a set of black eyes. She weighs 110 pounds (55 kilograms) in a healthy way. Tiffany Cross is a stunning woman who stands at a perfect height of 5 ft 4 in (1.57 m). Tiffany Cross’s Body Measurement: Height and Weight Her media work is her main source of riches, but she also makes a lot of money from her book writing. Tiffany Cross’s net worth is reported to be $1 million, and she earns a salary in the region of $100K to $500K, according to sources. Tiffany Cross is a well-known journalist, television host, political commentator, and author. Tiffany Cross is mainly known for the show named “The Cross Connection with Tiffany Cross”, “The Culture is’, “More Than a Vote Our Choices”. Her sexual orientation is that of a heterosexual woman. Tiffany is likely looking for the ideal companion or boyfriend who will totally understand and support her. In addition, there are no reports or speculations regarding her dating, affairs, or marital news with anybody in the past or present.Īs a result, it seems that she has not yet married. Tiffany Cross’s marital status is unknown at this time, since she has not stated if she is married, single, or in a relationship. MSNBC’s Tiffany Cross has spoke to ABC for appointing former Trump as White House communication director. I’m announcing myself here, and I’m looking forward to working here.’ In December 2020, she was appointed host of Cross Connection (commonly styled as Crosstalk), a new two-hour program on MSNBC that took over Reid’s AM Joy Saturday slot, with Capeheart taking over the Sunday slot and Maxwell presenting her own show on NBC Peacock. “After a lot of chiseling away, I finally said, ‘You know what? I don’t need your greeting. “There were definitely times in my career when I didn’t think it would happen,” she said. She wanted to be “brown Murphy Brown” as a kid, she told The Washington Post. “A national platform combining politics, policy, business, media, and people of color,” Cross said of the effort. She’s also the co-founder of “The Beat DC.” MSNBC was considering her for the weekend position with Jonathan Capeheart and Zerlina Maxwell as of August 2020. In addition, Joy Reid’s new weekday program, The ReidOut, premiered, and Cross became one of “AM Joy’s” rotating guest presenters. She appeared often on MSNBC, most notably on Joy Reid’s “AM Joy.” She is also an author, with a book titled “Say It Louder: Black Voters, Our Voices, and the Shaping of American Democracy” set to be released in July 2020. Cross’ fellowship, which he shared with Chasten Buttigieg, took place in the Spring 2020 semester. She then became a resident fellow at the Institute of Politics at Harvard Kennedy School. She also worked for BET Networks as the Washington, D.C. She went on to work as an associate producer for CNN in the 2000s. Tiffany Cross started her career in media as a reporter for an Atlanta radio station. Tiffany Cross received her schooling at Clark Atlanta University, where she majored in Mass Communications with a focus on radio, television, and cinema. Her zodiac sign is Aquarius, and she practices Christianity. Her mother was a single mother who reared her. She is the daughter of Ramona Cross, according to her Twitter account (mother). She aspired to be the “brown Murphy Brown” when she was a kid. She was born in the United States and comes from a mixed ethnic background. Tiffany Cross was born on February 6, 1979, with the birth name Tiffany D. Tiffany Cross spoke to guest Law Professor Dorothy Brown and Desi Small-Rodriguez about the economy is hard for Afro-America people compared to white people in the latest episode of “The Criss Connection with Tiffany Cross”. Tiffany Cross, a political commentator, has been nominated as one of the anchors who will fill the weekend spot left vacant by “AM Joy” on MSNBC. She is the host of The Cross Connection, an MSNBC program that airs on Saturday mornings. Tiffany Cross is a journalist, media personality, political commentator, and author from the United States.
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Option to add a CTA/Extra content into mobile drop down.Option to choose a custom hover colour for links.You’ll need to enable the mobile CTA and manually move it back. NOTE: If you have added a desktop CTA then this will have moved over to the new mobile CTA. Added in utility classes to for display: grid ( d-grid and responsive variants).The effect is now cancelled on all touch devices as opposed to basing it on screen width. Fix for fixed background image issue on new and larger iPad devices.Option to have the image fill the available space (by applying object-fit: cover) - this is often useful when adding the image to a grid item (note: it should generally be the only content added to its container if using in this way though there is also the option to apply absolute postiioning to it which would allow other content to be seen.).New CSS input field available when adding a wrapper div to allow quick / easy insertion of css rules that you want to apply to that particular Coder stack. Option to set image ‘fit’ mode to object-fit: contain (as opposed to the default object-fit: cover).those that you are not explicitly defining in the existing row template field.) 8/21/2023 0 Comments Recent plane crashes to chinaAP Too soon for conclusionsĪ pilot most likely crashed the Silk Air plane deliberately, the NTSB concluded. It was falling at more than 38,000 feet per minute, according to that nation’s National Transportation Safety Committee.Įmergency personnel prepare to travel to the site of the crash near Wuzhou in southwestern China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Its descent occurred over a much shorter period of time and it was not falling as fast the China Eastern plane.Īnother crash that was similar occurred on December 19, 1997, when a pilot on a Silk Air 737-300 carrying 104 people dove into a river in Indonesia, killing everyone aboard. In that case, the copilot became disoriented and pointed the nose towards the ground, the US National Transportation Safety Board found. Though it went down from a much lower altitude, an Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings cargo jet dove suddenly into a marsh near Houston on February 23, 2019. All 228 people aboard the Airbus SE A330 died. There are precedents in which airliners suddenly began dropping from cruise altitude, but most of them have important differences, investigators said.įor example, Air France Flight 447, which went down in the Atlantic Ocean on June 1, 2009, fell much slower and more erratically after speed sensors iced up and pilots became confused, according to France’s Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety. Chinese media outlet The Paper said it had verified that the video was shot by a mining company near where the jet crashed, but its authenticity couldn’t be independently verified. Surveillance videoĪ surveillance video appearing to capture the plane in its final moments showed it in a steep dive toward the ground. While cautioning that the Flightradar24 data is preliminary, Mr Guzzetti and Mr Cox said the relatively straight track taken by the jet and the fact that its transponders were still broadcasting suggests that it did not break up in flight, as has been seen in some terrorist bombings. “It’s very odd,” said Jeff Guzzetti, the former accident investigation chief for US Federal Aviation Administration. But the Flightradar24 track, which is based on radio transmissions from the plane, then showed it resuming a steep plunge. The plane’s dive appeared to have halted for about 10 seconds and it climbed briefly, adding an unusual twist to the scenario. Overall, it plunged almost 26,000 feet in the span of roughly 1 minute, 35 seconds, the data track showed. Instead of gradually dropping by a few thousand feet per minute – which produces a barely detectable sensation for passengers – it began falling at more than 30,000 feet per minute within seconds, according to tracking data logged by Flightradar24.Ī piece of wreckage of the China Eastern’s flight MU5735. Flight MU5735 was at about 29,000 feet altitude roughly 100 miles ( 161 kilometres) from its destination – about the point at which the pilots would begin descending to land – when it started plunging at a far greater rate than normal. 8/21/2023 0 Comments MacsvgYou can avail of fast pan and zoom features at an incredible 60fps, along with live gradients, adjustments and effects. It provides you all the tools you need to get your job done faster. $64.55 – available for Windows, Mac and iPadĪffinity Designer is another popular SVG editor in the graphic and UI design community. And if you already use Adobe products, you’ll find its integration options are second to none. With a simple, modern user interface, Adobe Illustrator Draw makes it easy to create beautiful vector images. It will come as little surprise that graphics and design software giant Adobe has one of the better designed mobile vector editors on the market. Adobe Illustrator Drawįree (in-app purchase for cloud storage) – available for iPad, iPhone and Android iDesign includes Boolean operations on shapes, and auto-smoothing for paths, to make life that little bit easier. Its specially-designed offset handles help you move and position objects without your finger blocking your view. iDesignĭesigned specifically for drawing with your finger, iDesign makes it easy to create 2-dimensional vector graphics on your iPad or iPhone. Plus it works great with the Apple Pencil on iPad Pro. Featuring unlimited layers, flexible typography effects, and a wide range of import and export options, Inkpad is a full professional SVG editor that you can carry around anywhere. Inkpad is a tool for creating vector graphics on your iPad. Inkpadĭrawing on the iPad gets better and better, so we thought we’d include a couple of iPad-specific SVG editors. While it’s quite expensive, it’s a full design solution with an excellent user interface. One of the more popular tools among web design professionals, Sketch is a powerful design tool that lets you create and edit vector images, prototype your designs and even create your own fonts. This lets you view and edit the underlying SVG XML source code for maximum control. It also includes a source editor with syntax highlighting. It includes multiple tools for content creation, allowing you to easily draw, manipulate and edit objects. Sketsa SVG Editor is a free cross-platform SVG drawing application. Sketsa SVG Editorįree – available for Windows, macOS, Linux Create skeuomorphic designs or go for a flat design – no matter what you choose you can do it with Justinmind. From there, they can do anything they want with the SVG.īe it changing the visual appearance of the vector or making it interactive and giving it an established behavior – Justinmind makes it all possible. Designers who create part of their designs on Photoshop, for example, can simply copy and paste their work on Justinmind’s canvas. With all the classics that designers know and love, like the pen tool and the pathfinders feature, Justinmind makes it possible to have the truly perfect workflow.Īside from having the SVG editing capabilities, Justinmind also makes it easy and quick to create custom vectors using more than a single tool. Now, Justinmind also brings SVG editing and custom artwork to the table, allowing you to create your unique visuals inside the UI design tool itself. Justinmind is known for its powerful prototyping abilities – but new tidings are in. There is even more potential in pairing a top editor with the right prototyping tool – so let’s find the perfect fit for you.ġ7 Desktop SVG editors for Mac, Windows and Linux 1. Here are 20 awesome free and paid SVG editors for Windows, Mac, Linux, Web, iOS and Android. To create and work with SVG files, you’ll need a vector graphics editor. SVG is the standard vector format for use on the internet. While not so suitable for photos, vector images are perfect for logos and similar graphical elements used in design for everything from website wireframes to interactive prototypes. Vectors are based on a mathematical formula with two-dimensional points which are joined to each other with lines and curves to form shapes.ĭesign your UI assets with unlimited projectsīecause they’re made in this way, they are infinitely resizable, always delivering smooth edges, without digital artifacts, and smooth color gradients. The most common file types for raster images are JPG, GIF and PNG. The majority of images in use on the internet are bitmaps. Bitmaps are great for detailed images like photos, and all digital cameras produce bitmap images for this reason. A raster, also known as a bitmap, is an image which is made up of a fixed number of pixels. In computer graphics there are two main types of image: vectors and rasters. In this article, we run through some favorites. Luckily, there are plenty to choose from. No designer’s toolkit would be complete without a good SVG editor. In addition, all Live devices get a boost with expanded … create new account on instagram For Live 11, Ableton has also updated and expanded the Core Library and select sample packs with more content focused on modern music production.And from what we’ve seen thus far, it’s a massive update that adds some long-awaited features, as well as offers more tools for creative. Hold onto your hi-hats, producer friends: Ableton has announced the release of their latest flagship software, Ableton Live 11, slated for release in early 2020. The uber-DAW returns, but do you need it? - DJ TechTools : r/abletonĪbleton 9: keep it or upgrade to 11? - Ableton ForumĪbleton Live 11 Lite is out as a free upgrade from any previous …Ībleton Live 11 is coming early 2021: take a look at … …Ībleton Announces Live 11 – Here’s What’s New – …Ībleton upgrade SALE until April 3rd announced. Live 11.1 might seem like a marginal upgrade if you don't have a new Mac, but there's a lot to love here. Get the Ableton Live Update for Some Cool New Features.create new account in valorantĪbleton Announces Live 11 – Here’s What’s New – Synthtopia Web El capítulo “Uso de instrumentos y efectos“ ( ‘Uso de instrumentos y efectos’) cubre los conceptos básicos de uso de los instrumentos en Live. Live viene con una selección de instrumentos incorporados y especialmente diseñados. Manual de referencia de los instrumentos de Live. Upgrade to Live 11 Standard or Suite Ableton How to Manually Update Ableton Live to 11.1 - MUO When Live opens, you will see a dialog window with a button to start your trial period. On Mac, it may ask if you want to launch an application downloaded from the internet. WebOnce the installation is completed, open Live by clicking the Ableton Live icon in the Windows start menu (PC), or double-clicking the application in Finder (Mac). How to update Ableton Live 11 Automatically and Manually The free Ableton Live 10.1 update is here Ableton R/ableton - Is there any catch to this deal on Thomann? Seems … ableton free upgrade to 11 mean WebGet (free) Max for Live devices here: Intro0:06 Automatic Updates0:23 De-activate Automatic Up. (Solved) Upgrade to Suite, get 11 for free? - Ableton Forum This latest installment adds new and updated devices, … create new account in microsoft outlook 365 Still, owners of any previous version of Live Lite can upgrade to Version 11 for free, and that’s a wonderful thing. If I use the free trial, should I uninstall it after it expires? create graph wizard Once installed, you can then uninstall Lite/Intro. If you've upgraded from Lite/Intro, you can download the Standard/Suite installer from your Ableton account. WebIf I upgrade from Lite/Intro to Standard/Suite, do I need to install again? Each Live edition uses its own installer package. I stay on Ableton 9 for the time being waiting for significant updates / patches to be released by Ableton team and then I move to L11. The purchase of any Live 10 edition automatically entitles customers to a free upgrade to its corresponding Live 11 edition … create graphs on ibm doors next During the promotion, all Live 10 editions are 20% off. Here are the details on pricing: A discount offer is running now until the release of Live 11.
8/21/2023 0 Comments Mineral oil viscosity indexViscosity comparison chart Courtesy of Shell Oil. These problems can be seem graphically by comparing several systems to each other. This is not a judgment about the quality of these oils, just that the 'weight' label leads to a lot of trouble when trying to tune with suspension oils. For example Maxima RSF 7wt is actually lighter than Spectro 5wt and Silkolene Pro RSF 7.5wt is actually heavier than Showa SS-8 10wt. A straight line graph made from these two viscosity numbers at each temperature can give a very close approximation of the oils viscosity at any other usable temperature.ĭO NOT GO BY LABLED OIL WEIGHT! Not only is this a poor way to decide which oil to use, but each manufacturer seems to be on a different scale. Using these numbers, you can tune oil viscosity with a very high degree of precision in a specific heat range. ‘cSt’ stands for CentiStokes, an accurate dynamic measure of viscosity ( ISO 3104:1994 & ASTM D445-04). Modern fluid viscosity ratings are on an ISO VG (visocosity grade) using test standards set down by ASTM D-2422-97 (2002)& ISO 3448:1992 system of: / / VI. These forks tend to use oils in the ISO 16 range. This is a very important bit of information for the mechanic.ĪTF is far too thick to be used in a modern cartridge damper fork. This means that if you are in Florida or Mongolia, AFT is going to be available and consistant. Why? Of all the commonly available automotive fluids capable of being used in the system, ATF is manufactured within a very, very tight and suitable viscosity range, esentially ISO 34. Aside from other changes that effect damping, the viscosity of the oil and how the viscosity changes as the oil heats up will be large factors in the system.įor years, ATF has been the standard fluid for damper rod forks. In addition to providing a lubricating and cooling bath for the dampers and bushings of the fork and shock to function in, the suspension fluid is the medium that is used to provide damping in a modern system.Įssentially, the oil is forced through an orifice or past a spring loaded shim to creating a resistive force to the action of the shocks. 9 Comercial Brands and their properties. 8/21/2023 0 Comments Florida flood insurance costThe Florida flood-insurance requirement was included in an expansive bill approved by the state Legislature during a special session this week to revive the state’s crumbling insurance sector.ĭozens of local insurers have gone bankrupt this year or ceased covering property damage amid mounting losses. Even so, 7 million households in the state don’t have flood coverage. That’s the second-highest rate in the U.S. In Florida, the nation’s most flood-prone state, 19 percent of households have flood insurance. Yet many people flout that requirement, and less than 4 percent of households nationwide have flood coverage through the National Flood Insurance Program, which is run by FEMA and is the main provider of U.S. The requirement comes as federal lawmakers and officials are struggling to get more homeowners across the country to buy flood insurance and protect themselves financially against climate change.įederal law requires people to have flood insurance on property inside a flood zone if it’s secured by a federally backed mortgage. “It seems like that’s the only mechanism that really drives adoption.” View more information about the FEMA’s CRS program.“It’s probably a good idea to mandate people to have flood insurance,” said Paul Handerhan, president of the Florida-based Federal Association for Insurance Reform, a consumer advocacy nonprofit. Key West is advancing from a CRS Class 7 rating to a Class 5. The CRS What-If chart from FEMA shows the flood insurance statistics for Key West, and opportunity for reduced flood insurance costs. This savings comes on the heels of the Key West Fire Department’s successful efforts to reduce fire insurance premiums by getting the City reclassified as a Class 1 community by the Insurance Services Office (ISO) , upon which fire insurance rates are based. The average policy holder will likely save about $494, which collectively will save the community $3 million annually. Key West property owners pay $12 million annually for flood insurance coverage through the NFIP. There are currently 8,000 active flood insurance policies within the city, with an average annual cost of $1,510 per policy. Current Amount Paid for Flood Insurance Policies Local stakeholder groups, such Fair Insurance Rates for Monroe (FIRM) and the Key West Association of Realtors used their respective roles to help the City earn the 2,500 CRS points needed CRS Class 5 rating. The first discount (15%) was awarded Octoand upgraded to 25% October 1, 2020. The City worked diligently with FEMA to bring the community into compliance with FEMA standards to make the City eligible to apply for discounted rates under the Community Rating System. This discount is the result of several years of painstaking work, which included a major revamping of the building permitting and inspection process, so the City could demonstrate it’s exceeding the basic requirements necessary to participate in the flood insurance program and worthy of this increased discount for its citizens. The discount increased from 15% to 25% for new policies and existing policies renewing after October 1, 2020. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) - which administers the National Flood Insurance Program ( NFIP), approved the enhanced discount, which will benefit most of the nearly 8,000 policy holders within the city and collectively save policy holders $3 million annually. As of October 1, 2020, most flood insurance policy holders in Key West will enjoy an even greater discount on their rates. 8/21/2023 0 Comments Classic pinball games freeSo check out our pinball machines for sale and see if we have the wholesale pinball machines you’ve been looking for. We’ve got the old pinball machines from major movie releases, specialty pinball machines for pop culture icons, used pinball machines in great working shape, antique pinball machine sets from long ago, and other home pinball machines to keep you rolling. Whether it’s an antique pinball machine for a collector or wholesale pinball machines for your arcade, you’ll find the right pinball machines for sale inside, from refurbished pinball machines of yore and brand new home pinball machines. We know that you’ll play our new and used pinball machines and fall in love with the music and sound effects all over again while you try for another high score. There’s nothing quite like standing at one of those classic pinball games and tossing in your quarters to rack up as many points as you can, juggling that steel pinball with quick wits and quicker fingers to keep the scoreboard rolling. You can even find the antique pinball machines you’ve been looking for and have a true classic pinball machine in your home or business. You don’t have to be a pinball wizard or to know everything about pinball machines to appreciate the refurbished pinball machines we have on sale in our catalog all of the pinball machines for sale in our shop are high quality, and the used pinball machines are all in mint and pristine working condition. So imagine how much fun having home pinball machines for both you and your family’s entertainment can be, especially when you pick up cheap pinball machines online and save yourself a heap of credits and money. This is an opportunity visit our shop now to view a variety of pinball machines for sale and buy pinball machine online.Įveryone loves pinball machines, from those classic pinball games of long ago to the complex modern pinball machines of now. Remember, you mustn’t necessarily look for cheap pinball machines to buy, you should be looking for the best most reliable machine that will provide years of entertainment and fun. What is your budget when purchasing a pinball machine? What theme would your family prefer in a pinball: Rock n Roll theme, Sci-fi theme, Animation theme, Super Hero’s theme or a Blockbuster movie theme? Do you want a pinball machine that is a classic oldie or something new and modern with all the bells and whistles. When you’re looking for a new or used pinball machine, there are a few things to consider. The Pinball Machine Center has a few selection of the best pinball machines to fit your needs right on our website. If you’re looking for an arcade video game then you have to come back later because we don’t have those at the moment. We carry a few selection of pinball machines from Electromechanical pinball machines to Solid State pinball machines. Pinball is wild and you will never have the same game twice and that makes playing pinball so much fun! Pinball as a hobby is also growing among young adults who or 25 to 40 years of age, because they are now established, have a home and have successful careers.Īt The Pinball Machine Center, we take a lot of pride in the used pinball machines we offer to the public. Pinball machines are making a huge comeback in bars, barcades, home game rooms and corporate break rooms. As well, up to four players can participate in the same game on the same PC.Pinball machines for sale are actually cool once more. Remarkably, it maintained the same feel and character as our old machine. The wide space between the flippers through which the ball can easily zoom keeps the suspense factor high. Lost World was my favorite game because it was built on the same platform as the Williams pinball machine of my childhood. In Tales of the Arabian Nights, the player can jump the magic carpet ramps over Baghdad to battle an evil genie and rescue a so-called beautiful princess. The sneak attack and three-bank ricochet may score a jackpot. The player fires a cannon to sink enemy ships. The pirate themed Black Rose is by far the fastest paced of the four games. After hearing the "shoot the snack bar" order, the player can win bonus points associated with various snack foods. This table features sixteen modes of play. Creature From the Black Lagoon is set in the Starlight Drive-in based on the classic horror flick. 8/21/2023 0 Comments Apple store boca ratonReserve an appointment now to speed your repair process. We perform any Apple Computer Repair and Macbook Repair in Boca Raton. Another service we offer is setup and configuration of email addresses. Create new user groups and assign its users. Techs can add or remove users from your network domain. Find the Apple AirPods Pro in Boca Raton from AT&T or shop online & choose a delivery option that suits your needs, including free express shipping. We will also install Operating systems on your laptops. We can install Operating systems on a single computer, server or multiple systems for you. Need help installing a new Operating System? CDSBOCA can help. We also do Onsite IT support and windows installation services. We install, and configure server firewalls and do virus removal. The network support services we provide our server backups and data recovery. From setting up your device to recovering your Apple ID to replacing the screen, Apple Support has you covered. Get your questions answered by an expert via phone, chat, email, or even Twitter. In addition to the Genius Bar for hardware repairs, you have more immediate support options. Our network support service targets individual and small to mid-sized businesses. For getting the right support, here’s a genius idea. Brace yourselves for an electrifying journey into the world of Apple, where innovation knows no bounds and the possibilities are as limitless as the human imagination.Give us a call and get a phone estimate or bring in your computer or laptop for diagnostics. New Macs, groundbreaking software, and surprises that have eluded even the most astute rumors await their moment in the spotlight. Apple Store Boca Raton Address: 6000 West Glades Road Boca Raton, FL 33431 (561) 338-0478 Store hours: Mon - Sat: 10:00 a.m. WWDC is poised to deliver a spectacle that will shape the trajectory of technology for months to come. As the digital realm erupts with anticipation, fans, developers, and tech enthusiasts worldwide eagerly await the moment when the store’s doors swing open once again, revealing the exciting future that Apple has meticulously crafted. While the Apple Store remains shrouded in mystery for now, it is merely the calm before the storm. The keynote address, delivered by Apple’s top executives, promises to be a feast for the senses, showcasing the company’s unwavering commitment to pushing the boundaries of innovation. WWDC serves as a catalyst for collaboration, sparking inspiration and fostering a shared passion for pushing technology to its limits.Īs the virtual doors of WWDC swing open, the Apple community braces for a whirlwind of announcements, demonstrations, and insights. The global developer community is equally on edge, anticipating news of cutting-edge tools and APIs that will empower them to create transformative experiences. With each iteration, Apple pushes the boundaries of innovation, introducing features that revolutionize how we interact with our devices and enhance our daily lives. The event has become a stage for Apple to showcase its latest software advancements, unveiling updates to macOS, iOS, watchOS, and more. As the clock ticks closer to the conference, enthusiasts worldwide hold their breath, eagerly awaiting confirmation of their hopes and dreams.īut WWDC is not just about new hardware. Rumors have been swirling about sleek designs, enhanced performance, and groundbreaking features that promise to elevate the computing experience to new heights. With WWDC renowned as a platform for Apple to showcase its latest innovations, anticipation soars for the unveiling of new Mac models. To look at early amyloid pathology in cognitively healthy (CH) individuals, we used cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measures of amyloid and tau after extensive neuropsychometric testing revealed no cognitive impairment. Īmyloid pathology is recognized many years before symptomatic or behavioral changes and are early biomarkers of AD. Analysis of brain activity changes from baseline to the active stage during a cognitive challenge may be helpful to better understand the dynamic abnormalities of information processing in early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology, as has been studied in other neurological conditions, such as schizophrenia, mTBI, migraine, and symptomatic AD. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.īrain challenge using cognitive tasks have been used to study dynamic brain activities during processing of external information. Whittier Foundation 2011-2017, MGH NIA P01 AG052350, MGH HMRI, XA Alexander Family Foundation, MGH the Pfeiffer Research Foundation, MGH and the Jerry Dunlevy Family Foundation, MGH. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This research was funded by the L.K. Received: JAccepted: NovemPublished: January 2, 2019Ĭopyright: © 2019 Arakaki et al. Ginsberg, Nathan S Kline Institute, UNITED STATES This study provide pilot information to further evaluate whether this biomarker has clinical significance.Ĭitation: Arakaki X, Lee R, King KS, Fonteh AN, Harrington MG (2019) Alpha desynchronization during simple working memory unmasks pathological aging in cognitively healthy individuals. Additional power and correlations with behavioral performance were also explored. The alpha ERD and SE analyses suggest there is frontal lobe dysfunction during WM processing in the CH-PAT stage. Alpha SE did not change in CH-NATs, but was increased from baseline in the CH-PATs in frontal and left lateral regions (p<0.01), and was higher in the frontal region (p<0.01) of CH-PATs compared to CH-NATs. During 0-back WM testing, the behavioral performance was similar between the two groups, however, qEEG notably differentiated CH-PATs from CH-NATs on the simple, 0-back testing: Alpha ERD decreased from baseline only in the parietal region in CH-NATs, while it decreased in all brain regions in CH-PATs. We recorded behavioral performances, and analyzed alpha power and alpha spectral entropy (SE) at three occasions: during the resting state, and at event-related desynchronization (ERD) during 0-back and 2-back. We studied 60–100 year old participants, with normal cognition, and who fits one of two subgroups from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins: cognitively healthy (CH) with normal amyloid/tau ratio (CH-NAT, n = 10) or pathological amyloid/tau ratio (CH-PAT, n = 14). We used quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) to investigate brain activities during N-back working memory (WM) processing at two different load conditions (N = 0 or 2) in an aging cohort. Our aim is to explore if cognitive challenge combined with objective physiology can reveal abnormal frontal alpha event-related desynchronization (ERD), in early Alzheimer’s disease (AD). |
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